Spread
Trading
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To better understand the spread and how it affects you, you must understand the general structure of trading. One way of looking at the trade structure is that all trades are conducted through intermediaries who charge for their services. This charge—which is the trade’s difference between the bidding and the asking price—is called the spread.
The spread represents two prices: the buying (bid) price for a given currency pair, and the selling (ask) price. Traders pay a certain price to buy the currency and have to sell it for less if they want to sell back it right away.
For a simple analogy, consider that when you purchase a brand-new car, you pay the market price for it. The minute you drive it off the lot, the car depreciates, and if you wanted to turn around and sell it right back to the dealer, you would have to take less money for it. Depreciation accounts for the difference in the car example, while the dealer’s profit accounts for the difference in a FX trade.
The FX market differs from the New York Stock Exchange, where trading historically took place in a physical space. The FX market has always been virtual and functions more like the over-the-counter market for smaller stocks, where trades are facilitated by specialists called market makers. The buyer may be in London, and the seller may be in Tokyo.
The specialist, one of several who facilitates a particular currency trade, may even be in a third city. His responsibilities are to assure an orderly flow of buy and sell orders for those currencies, which involves finding a seller for every buyer and vice versa.
In practice, the specialist’s work involves some degree of risk. It can happen, for example, that the specialist accepts a bid or buy order at a given price, but before finding a seller, the currency’s value increases. He is still responsible for filling the accepted buy order and may have to accept a sell order that is higher than the buy order he has committed to filling.
In most cases, the change in value will be slight, and he will still make a profit. But, because of accepting risk and facilitating the trade, the market maker retains a part of every trade. The portion they retain is called the spread.
Every FX trade involves two currencies called a currency pair. This example uses the British Pound (GBP) and the U.S. dollar (USD)—or the GBP/USD currency pair. Say that, at a given time, the GBP is worth 1.1532 times the USD. You may believe the GBP will rise against the dollar, so you buy the GBP/USD pair at the asking price.
The asking price for the currency pair won’t exactly be 1.1532. It will be a little more, perhaps 1.1534—which is the price you will pay for the trade. Meanwhile, the seller on the other side of the trade won’t receive the full 1.1532 either. They will get a little less, perhaps 1.530. The difference between the bid and ask prices—in this instance, 0.0004—is the spread. That’s the profit that the specialist keeps for taking the risk and facilitating the trade.
Using the example above, the spread of 0.0004 British Pound (GBP) doesn’t sound like much, but as a trade gets larger, even a small spread quickly adds up. Currency trades in FX typically involve larger amounts of money. As a retail trader, you may be trading only one 10,000-unit lot of GBP/USD. But the average trade is much larger, around one million units of GBP/USD. The 0.0004 spread in this larger trade is 400 GBP, which is a much more significant commission.
You have two ways of minimizing the cost of these spreads:
Trade only during the most favorable trading hours, when many buyers and sellers are in the market. As the number of buyers and sellers for a given currency pair increases, competition and demand for the business increase, and market makers often narrow their spreads to capture it.
Avoid buying or selling thinly traded currencies. Multiple market makers compete for business when you trade popular currencies, such as the GBP/USD pair. If you trade a thinly traded currency pair, there may be only a few market makers to accept the trade. Reflecting on the lessened competition, they will maintain a wider spread.
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